Have you ever asked yourself how to destroy a language. Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization elizabeth. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your account. Grammaticalization and semantic reanalysis regine eckardt. In connection with verbs of posture and localization sit, be at a place, of motion go updown, come, return, follow and with verbs such as take, make, do as sources, different paths of development will be described that give rise to various. What are the classification of african languages answers. The notion of substrate language had not been hitherto unknown, but it was. Pdf grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages. The behaviourbeforecoding principle in syntactic change. References a b s t r a c t the article starts by describing grammaticalizationa kind.
Introduction typical sources for adpositions across languages are relational nouns and transitive verbs, hence elements that already display an argument slot see lehmann 1995b. Afroasiatic languages are spoken along north africa e. The results indicate that a number of african languages have a. African american vernacular english aave is developing a class of previously undescribed function words, facilitated by the semantic generalization of the word nigga. Because language change and, in particular, grammaticalization is traced back to small changes that take place in actual usageevents, the. Grammaticalization wikimili, the best wikipedia reader. He considered lexical items to be the source of most instances of grammaticalization, but also included word order, and lexical items in context of phrases. Particularly, studies of african languages suggest hat certain kinds of t developments proceed faster than others, for example, tenseaspect systems seem to emerge in a much smaller period of time than, say, noun class systems. Grammaticalization studies have traditionally focused on european languages, and to a lesser extent also on languages of eastern asia, i. Grammaticalization begins in a very local context such as 7a, in which go cooccurs with a nonfinite.
Semantic reanalysis in grammaticalization in chinese. Minimalist parameters consist of choices of feature specifications as the child acquires a lexicon, as in borer 1984, dubbed the borer chomsky conjecture by baker 2008. Link to a paper by anthony aristar and helen dry on the role of deixis in grammaticalization. Desemanticization by this process, a lexical item receives a second, nonlexical function, which may ultimately become its only function. In the following section, a background to the bantu languages and especially swahili is provided. Grammaticalization and the areal factor the perspective of. Cambridge core linguistic anthropology grammaticalization by paul j.
In sranan the word taki, derived from english talk, is used as a complementizer. Grammaticalization find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. With respect to research on grammaticalization, languages in these areas are. The prototypical instance of language change called grammaticalization is a change where a. Grammaticalization, language contact and creole formation as conceded by hopper and traugott 1993. Pdf questions about diachronic change as it relates to tense and aspect ta range. The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in tok pisin and sranan volume 2 issue 3 gillian sankoff.
Africa is a continent that contains 54 countries and more than 2100 completely different languages. Grammaticalization in sinitic languages oxford handbooks. The model of grammatical change used in this study refers to two main mechanisms. The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in tok pisin and sranan volume 2 issue 3 gillian sankoff skip to main content accessibility help we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages 1984, with. Originally trained at the university of rochester, focusing on romance languages, he now has a primary research focus on sociophonetics, morphosyntax, and identity construction in african american language. Grammaticalization raises many questions, many of which are as pertinent for tamil as they are for ewe or for other languages. It discusses the evolution of the disposal or object marking constructions, passive and causative constructions, and classifiers. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages heine, bernd, reh, mechthild on. Ebook describing morphosyntax as pdf download portable. Ordinary and notsoordinary cases article pdf available in studies in language 332. It shows that grammaticalisation theory not only offers a means of reconstructing earlier states in the history of african languages but can also be of use for explaining structural characteristics of these languages. Lord presents data from a number of african and asian languages in which a.
This chapter investigates the main grammaticalization processes found in oceanic languages. The fundamental insight of grammaticalization also called grammaticization is grammation, a change from lexical to grammatical content via reanalysis of a lexical item to be merged in a functional category, as emphasized in andersen 2008. The following subsections illustrate my claim with reference to two of the best regarded lines of research in grammaticalization. This article provides an overview of the history of grammaticalisation in sinitic languages. Grammaticalization of spatial adpositions in nanafwe amani. Grammaticalization, constructions and the incremental.
Extending the concept of grammaticalization to a variety of language spoken. Aug 18, 2010 he has published a number of articles on arabic linguistics, including apposition, grammaticalization, reanalysis, semantic bleaching, and semantic extension in the encyclopedia of arabic language and linguistics brill, 20062009. Typically this change occurs though reanalysis of a serial verb construction, as in cantonese. This brief description of the grammaticalization of the swahili completive aspect marker sha. The articles address a number of themes central to grammaticalization studies, such as the role of reanalysis and analogy in grammaticalization, the formal modelling of grammaticalization, and the relationship between formal and functional change, using data from a range of languages, and in some cases from particular electronic corpora. Consider the following example, from an older period of chinese. The type noun is demoted from head status, and the string sortkind of forms together with the primary determiner a complex determiner, as in 2, in which this reanalysis is overtly reflected by the lack of concord between these and kind. Grammaticalization of demonstratives as subordinate complementizers in ngumpinyapa an earlier version of this paper was presented at the blackwood australianist workshop and at the als conference in 2003, and thanks go to colleagues who provided comments at those meetings and later. A clearer assessment of possible time spans remains an objective of future research. Meillet 1912 and kurylowicz 1965 argue that grammaticalization is a change from lexical to grammatical content or from hybrid. Request pdf on jan 1, 2008, walter bisang and others published grammaticalization and the areal factor the perspective of east and mainland south east asian languages find, read and cite all. Extending the concept of grammaticalization to a variety of language spoken in africa, givon suggested that the syntax of a language determines the morphosyntactics of the a xal morphology that eventually evolves givon w97 w. It will be argued that the traditional understanding of metaphoricalization meta and metonymization meto resides at the. In 1991, heine, claudi and hunnemeyer made an important contribution to this approach with grammaticalization.
Chinese chapter 65 by chappell and peyraube, korean chapter 63 by rhee, and japanese chapter 64 by narrog and ohori. In the extreme case of language contact represented by creole languages, some have questioned whether grammaticalization takes place at all in such cases. There have been many attempts to classify the languages of the african continent since the beginning of the nineteenth century. In this book the methods and theories of formal syntax are focussed on grammatical variation and change. I wonder whether we focus too much in descriptions on standard languages and ignore the colloquial, where we find e. Providing rich exemplification from african languages, the authors described grammaticalization as a result of problem solving, in which speakers use existing forms for new functions. They saw grammaticalization as an important tool for describing the workings of languages and their universal aspects and it provided an. Some estimates place the number of languages at around 3000. Grammaticalization, the process of converting regular lexical items and structures into conventionally interpreted grammatical morphemes, has tradition. A conceptual framework bernd heine, ulrike claudi and friederike hunnemeyer.
The authors demonstrate that nigga is unspecified for race, gender, or humanness. Features in reanalysis and grammaticalization 1 others, on the other hand, attribute as little as possible to the role of parameters and to universal grammar in general. It is shown that grammaticalization and first language acquisition frequently involve the same semantic changes. This study investigates some instances of linguistic development in the acquisition of a second language that might be subsumed under the issue of grammaticalization. The oxford handbook of grammaticalization heiko narrog. The grammaticalization process is similar in both cases. The languages of africa are classified into at least five groups. Grammaticalization of arabic prepositions and subordinators. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages bernd heine mechthild reh grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages l lutuiiii. Seventeen chapters follow, divided into two parts, the first part concerned with grammaticalization and the second part with. Well, language omega has asked because he has just conquered the country of language alpha and he. The former includes socalled degrammaticalisation, while the. In certain linguistic areas such as west africa and southeast asia, a verb originally meaning say often serves as a complementizer meaning that. Grammatical reanalysis and the multiple nwords in african.
Heine, bernd, 1939 grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages. Another important work was heine and rehs grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages 1984. C hristopher h all is a linguist and a consultant with culturepoint, llc. Grammaticalization and parametric variation oxford. Grammaticalization of spatial adpositions in nanafwe amani bohoussou and stavros skopeteas 1. Additionally, although the sociohistorical evidence suggests that aae is a restructured english variety, semantic reanalysis is not a necessary strategy for restructured englishes. References a b s t r a c t the article starts by describing grammaticalization a kind. The study of grammaticalization raises a number of fundamental theoretical issues pertaining to the relation of langue and parole, creativity and automatic coding, synchrony and diachrony, categoriality and continua, typological characteristics and languagespecific forms, etc. A group of linguists tried to develop the idea that grammaticalization is an empirical tool in linguistic description and a perspective on typology. Contactinduced grammaticalization evidence from bilingual acquisition.
In both developments, abstract grammatical meanings are. Grammaticalization in african languages oxford handbooks. The readership we have in mind for this book includes. The various roles that reanalysis, analogy, and frequency play in grammaticalization are also discussed. Due to lack of data, and also due to the linguistic. This blueprint was inherited from the substrate languages and applied to the word forms of the lexifier language. This book presents the state of the art in research on grammaticalization, the process by which lexical items acquire grammatical function, grammatical items get additional functions, and grammars are created.
They argue that there are multiple nwords, fulfilling different grammatical and social functions. Request pdf on jan 1, 2010, walter bisang and others published grammaticalization in chinese find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. This work focussed on african languages synchronically from the point of view of grammaticalization. An extra thank you, hazel gray, for sharing kisi data as well as thoughts and data on manda. Reanalysis definition and meaning collins english dictionary.
A long article about grammaticalization of adpositions in spanish and portuguese based creoles. Describing morphosyntax top results of your surfing describing morphosyntax start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to the reader. Traugott 50 regard grammaticalization as a subset of changes involved in reanalysis. Grammaticalization in oceanic languages oxford scholarship. Grammaticalization linguistics oxford bibliographies. In this study, the analysis of three processes of grammaticalization verb classifier, verb auxiliary, and verb preposition provides evidence that semantic reanalysis is an independent mechanism of semantic change in grammaticalization gram in chinese. Grammar and grammaticalization in manda an analysis of the. The postdeterminer construction is the result of reanalysis of the binominal construction denison 2002. First, the notion of grammaticalization is discussed with reference to the current linguistic debate and its applicability to the domain of language acquisition is evaluated. The phenomenon had been noted in african languages by lord 91, 92. However, heine and reh 1984 distinguish between grammaticalization and reanalysis. This article aims to provide an overview of grammatical developments or grammaticalisation in african languages.
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